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一、定語(yǔ)
句子中修飾名詞或代詞的成分叫做定語(yǔ)。
定語(yǔ)可以由形容詞，名詞，不定式，分詞，動(dòng)名詞或從句來(lái)充當(dāng)。
eg: She is a beautiful girl. (形容詞)
I met someone funny on my way to Beijing. (形容詞)(修飾不定代詞的定語(yǔ)后置)
He is an English teacher. (名詞)
(名詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)一般用單數(shù)，例外的有sports, 如 a sports star)
I have a lot of work to do. (不定式)
The book written by a schoolboy is very popular now. (過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ))
We can see the rising sun. (現(xiàn)在分詞) = the sun is rising.
He is in the reading room. (動(dòng)名詞) = the room for reading
The boy who broke the window is Tom’s brother. (從句)
注意：1.形容詞作定語(yǔ)一般放在所修飾的詞前面;但當(dāng)形容詞修飾的是something, anything, everything, nothing, someone, everyone, everybody, somewhere等不定代詞時(shí)，要放在這些詞的后面。
present (在場(chǎng)的), absent (缺席的)作定語(yǔ)時(shí)需要后置。 students present / absent
2. 不定式做定語(yǔ)通常要放在被修飾的詞后。
3 分詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，即可放在所修飾詞前，也可放在所修飾詞后
1)分詞前置：?jiǎn)为?dú)的一個(gè)分詞作定語(yǔ)，一般放在所修飾詞前。
He is a retired worker. 他是位退休的工人
2)分詞后置分詞在以下情況，放在所修飾詞的后面
i. 分詞詞組; There was a girl sitting there. 有個(gè)女孩坐在那里
ii. 個(gè)別分詞如given, left;
This is the question given. 這是所給的問(wèn)題
iii. 修飾不定代詞 something等
There is nothing interesting. 沒(méi)有有趣的東西
過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)與其修飾的詞是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的定語(yǔ)從句。
Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists.
= Most of the people who were invited to the party were from South Africa
二、定語(yǔ)從句(Attributive Clauses)
在句中做定語(yǔ)，修飾一個(gè)名詞或代詞，被修飾的名詞,詞組或代詞即先行詞。定語(yǔ)從句通常出現(xiàn)在先行詞之后，由關(guān)系詞(關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞)引出。
關(guān)系代詞有：who, whom, whose, that, which等。
關(guān)系副詞有：when, where, why等。
I like the books that are written by Mr. Green.
先行詞 關(guān)系詞
A. 關(guān)系詞：
關(guān)系詞通常有三個(gè)作用：引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，指代先行詞，在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)句子成分。
Anyone who breaks the law will surely be punished.
1. 先行詞指人時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞：
(1)指人時(shí)，who和that都可以使用.
(2)who和whom都可以作定語(yǔ)從句賓語(yǔ)，但從句中的介詞提前時(shí)，不能用who.
He is the man who / whom I talked to you about.
= He is the man about whom I talked to you.
(3)先行詞是人時(shí)，只用who, 不用或少用that的情況：
a. 當(dāng)先行詞是one, ones, anyone時(shí)，引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系詞一般只用who, 不用that如果先行詞是someone, 也可用that
He is not one who is easily frightened.
I think Joe is the one who borrowed my peo.
The ones who tell lies won’t gain others’ trust.
Anyone who saw the accident should phone the police.
Someone who / that claims to be your uncle wants to see you.
b. 先行詞是those時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞一般用who不用that
Those who don’t wish to go need not go.
c. There be 句型中，修飾人的定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞一般只用who來(lái)引導(dǎo)
There is a certain old man in the village who none of us likes.
d. 若一個(gè)句子中有兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，第一個(gè)已經(jīng)用that, 則第二個(gè)一般用who
The man that is talking with our teacher is the professor who gave us a report yesterday.
e. 當(dāng)定語(yǔ)從句與先行詞較遠(yuǎn)時(shí)，引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞一般只用who
I came across my first teacher in the store yesterday who was still beautiful.
f 非限定性定語(yǔ)從句只用who來(lái)引導(dǎo), 不用that
He has a son, who is a doctor.
(4)當(dāng)先行詞是人，只用that不用who的情況：
a. 以who開(kāi)頭的特殊疑問(wèn)句，定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞如果是人，關(guān)系代詞只用that不用who
Who is the girl that said hello to you just now?
b. 當(dāng)先行詞既有人也有物時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句只用that來(lái)引導(dǎo)
They ofter talk about the person and things that they remember.
c. 當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，只用that來(lái)引導(dǎo)
He’s changed. He is not the man that he was.
d. 當(dāng)先行詞被形容詞的最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)，只用that.
This is the most beautiful lady that I have ever met.
e. 當(dāng)先行詞是other時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句只用that 引導(dǎo)。
You can ask the old man or any other that was there at the time.
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